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Stratton v Simpson   flag  93

[1970] HCA 45; (1970) 125 CLR 138; [1971] ALR 117; (1970) 44 ALJR 487
High Court of Australia
Australia - Commonwealth
12th November, 1970

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name Citation(s) †  Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
Re Estate of Ahmed Abou-Khalid [2024] NSWSC 253 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 18 Mar 2024 AustLII flag
Aboriginal Housing Office v Jacky [2022] NSWSC 916 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 8 Jul 2022 AustLII flag
Trustees of the Diocese of Tasmania v Huon Valley Council [2021] TASMC 7 Magistrates Court of Tasmania Australia - Tasmania 25 Oct 2021 AustLII flag
Angel Loop Ltd and Commissioner of Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission (Taxation) [2021] AATA 3894 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 25 Oct 2021 AustLII flag
Global Citizen Ltd and Commissioner of the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission [2021] AATA 3313 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 17 Sep 2021 AustLII flag 1
Re Coghlan; Merriman v Attorney-General (No 2) [2020] VSC 668 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 9 Oct 2020 AustLII flag 1
Re Estate of Henry Brough Smith; Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Uniting (Victoria and Tasmania) Ltd [2020] VSC 378 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 30 Jun 2020 AustLII flag 2
Re McHenry; Thompson v Attorney General [2020] VSC 211 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 24 Apr 2020 AustLII flag 2
McLachlan & South Ozz Shelter v Hamilton [2020] SASC 126 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 7 Jul 2020 AustLII flag
South Australian Employers' Chamber of Commerce and Industry Incorporated v Commissioner of State Taxation [2019] SASCFC 125 Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court Australia - South Australia 16 Oct 2019 AustLII flag
Estate of the Late Betty Crosby [2019] SASC 189 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 13 Nov 2019 AustLII flag 2
Re Order of Ahepa NSW Inc [2019] NSWSC 1329 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 3 Oct 2019 AustLII flag 9
KinCare Community Services Ltd v Chief Commissioner of State Revenue [2019] NSWSC 182 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 6 Mar 2019 AustLII flag 1
TR 2019/6 - Income tax: the 'in Australia' requirement for certain deductible gift recipients and income tax exempt entities [2019] ATOTR TR2019/6 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2019 AustLII flag
TR 2019/3 - Fringe benefits tax: benefits provided to religious practitioners [2019] ATOTR TR2019/3 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2019 AustLII flag
TR 2019/6 - Income tax: the 'in Australia' requirement for certain deductible gift recipients and income tax exempt entities [2019] ATOTR 6 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2019 AustLII flag
TR 2019/3 - Fringe benefits tax: benefits provided to religious practitioners [2019] ATOTR 3 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2019 AustLII flag
Rotary Club of Melbourne Inc v Commissioner of State Revenue (Review and Regulation) [2018] VCAT 1257 Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Australia - Victoria 13 Aug 2018 AustLII flag 2
Southern Cross Care (Tasmania) Inc v Paul [2018] TASFC 9 Supreme Court of Tasmania Australia - Tasmania 12 Nov 2018 AustLII flag 1
Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Attorney General for New South Wales (The Will of the Hon George Nesbitt) [2018] NSWSC 1456 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 27 Sep 2018 AustLII flag 17
Salvation Army (New South Wales) Property Trust v Chief Commissioner of State Revenue [2018] NSWSC 128; (2018) 96 NSWLR 119 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 16 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 7
Australian Pork Ltd v Commissioner for ACT Revenue (Administrative Review) [2018] ACAT 85 Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 30 Aug 2018 AustLII flag
Re Marks; Letcher v Indian [2017] VSC 665 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 1 Nov 2017 AustLII flag 2
Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue [2017] VSC 286 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 1 Jun 2017 AustLII flag 2
South Australian Employers ’ Chamber of Commerce & Industrial Inc v Commissioner of State Taxation [2017] SASC 127; 106 ATR 305 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 31 Aug 2017 AustLII flag 3
Hicks v Mater Misericordiae Ltd [2017] QSC 38 Supreme Court of Queensland Australia - Queensland 17 Mar 2017 AustLII flag 2
Waubra Foundation and Commissioner of Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission [2017] AATA 2424 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 4 Dec 2017 AustLII flag 5
City of Mandurah v Australian Flying Corps & Royal Australian Air Force Association (WA Division) Inc [2016] WASCA 185; (2016) 50 WAR 466; (2016) 339 ALR 697; (2016) 219 LGERA 152 Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal Australia - Western Australia 28 Oct 2016 AustLII flag 14
GEAT v Deloitte, Touche Tohmatsu [2016] NTSC 39 Supreme Court of the Northern Territory Australia - Northern Territory 4 Aug 2016 AustLII flag 1
Estate Polykarpou; Re a charity [2016] NSWSC 409 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 22 Jul 2016 AustLII flag 20
Grain Growers Ltd v Chief Commissioner of State Revenue (NSW) [2016] NSWCA 359; (2016) 93 NSWLR 415; (2016) 104 ATR 443 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal Australia - New South Wales 15 Dec 2016 AustLII flag 14
John Xxiii College v Commissioner for ACT Revenue (Administrative Review) [2016] ACAT 152 Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 21 Dec 2016 AustLII flag 1
Law Institute of Victoria v Commissioner of State Revenue [2015] VSC 604; (2015) 101 ATR 899 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 21 Oct 2015 AustLII flag 12
Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation v Commissioner of Taxation [2015] FCA 1117 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 21 Oct 2015 AustLII flag 4
Community Housing Ltd v Clarence Valley Council [2014] NSWLEC 193 Land and Environment Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 23 Dec 2014 AustLII flag 1
Commissioner of Taxation v Hunger Project Australia [2014] FCAFC 69; (2014) 221 FCR 302; (2014) 314 ALR 333 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Jun 2014 AustLII flag 8
TR 2013/2 - Income tax: school or college building funds [2013] ATOTR TR2013/2 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2013 AustLII flag
TR 2013/2 - Income tax: school or college building funds [2013] ATOTR 2 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2013 AustLII flag
Study and Prevention of Psychological Diseases Foundation Incorporated and Commissioner of Taxation [2013] AATA 919 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 20 Dec 2013 AustLII flag 1
Home Health Pty Ltd and Commissioner of Taxation [2013] AATA 458 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 1 Jul 2013 AustLII flag
Cancer and Bowel Research Trust and Commissioner of Taxation [2013] AATA 336 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 24 May 2013 AustLII flag 2
Re Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Western Australia (Inc) and Commissioner of State Revenue [2012] WASAT 146; (2012) 89 ATR 797 State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 18 Jul 2012 AustLII flag 11
Perpetual Trustees Victoria Ltd v Barns [2012] VSCA 77; (2012) 34 VR 387 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 2 May 2012 AustLII flag 13
PG Dukes Pty Ltd ATF Patricia Dukes Foundation v Chief Commissioner of State Revenue [2012] NSWADT 238 Administrative Decisions Tribunal Australia - New South Wales 15 Nov 2012 AustLII flag
Bodalla Aboriginal Housing Co Ltd v Eurobodalla Shire Council [2011] NSWLEC 146; (2011) 184 LGERA 315 Land and Environment Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 26 Aug 2011 AustLII flag 4
TR 2011/4 - Income tax and fringe benefits tax: charities [2011] ATOTR TR2011/4 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2011 AustLII flag
TR 2011/4 - Income tax and fringe benefits tax: charities [2011] ATOTR 4 Australian Taxation Office Australia - Commonwealth circa 2011 AustLII flag
Australian Executor Trustees Ltd v Attorney-General (SA) [2010] SASC 348 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 20 Dec 2010 AustLII flag 4
Manns v Attorney General of New South Wales [2010] NSWSC 12 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 28 Jan 2010 AustLII flag 1
FCT v Aid/Watch Incorporated [2009] FCAFC 128; (2009) 178 FCR 423; (2009) 266 ALR 526; (2009) 74 ATR 19; [2009] ATC 20-131 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Sep 2009 AustLII flag 11
Commissioner of Taxation v Word Investments Ltd [2008] HCATrans 314 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 27 Aug 2008 AustLII flag
FCT v Word Investments Ltd [2008] HCA 55; (2008) 236 CLR 204; 251 ALR 206; (2008) 70 ATR 225; (2008) 83 ALJR 105; [2008] ATC 20-072 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Dec 2008 AustLII flag 95
Australian Tea Tree Oil Research Institute Ltd (In Liq) v FCT [2008] FCA 1653; [2008] ATC 20-066; 74 ATR 812 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Nov 2008 AustLII flag 1
Executor Trustee Australia Ltd v Jamestown District Homes for the Aged Inc [2007] SASC 262 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 13 Jul 2007 AustLII flag
Exemption from duty - Charitable and benevolent bodies (DUT 34) [2007] NSWOSRDUT 1 New South Wales Office of State Revenue Australia - New South Wales 9 Mar 2007 AustLII flag
Navy Health Ltd v FCT [2007] FCA 931; (2007) 163 FCR 1; (2007) 68 ATR 215 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 Jun 2007 AustLII flag 21
Simaid Trust and FCT [2007] AATA 1443; (2007) 66 ATR 908 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 20 Jun 2007 AustLII flag 2
South Sydney Junior Rugby League Club Ltd and Commissioner of Taxation [2006] AATA 265; 62 ATR 1123 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 21 Mar 2006 AustLII flag 2
Sargents Charitable Foundation v Chief Commissioner of State Revenue [2005] NSWSC 659; 60 ATR 129 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 11 Jul 2005 AustLII flag 6
Commissioner of Taxation v The Triton Foundation [2005] FCA 1319; (2005) 147 FCR 362; 226 ALR 293; 60 ATR 451 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Sep 2005 AustLII flag 18
Central Bayside Division of General Practice Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue [2003] VSC 285; (2003) 53 ATR 473 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 15 Aug 2003 AustLII flag 9
Re Keysborough Blue Danube Soccer Club [2003] VSC 119 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 24 Apr 2003 AustLII flag 5
Northern Land Council v Commissioner of Taxes [2002] NTCA 11 Supreme Court of the Northern Territory - Court of Appeal Australia - Northern Territory 28 Nov 2002 AustLII flag 7
Trustees of the Indigenous Barristers' Trust v FCT [2002] FCA 1474; (2002) 127 FCR 63; 51 ATR 495 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Nov 2002 AustLII flag 11
Northern Land Council v Commissioner of Taxes [2001] NTSC 115; 48 ATR 700 Supreme Court of the Northern Territory Australia - Northern Territory 21 Dec 2001 AustLII flag 1
Taxpayers' Assn of NSW and Commissioner of Taxation [2001] AATA 278; 46 ATR 1213 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 6 Apr 2001 AustLII flag 1
Re Municipal Orchestra Endowment Fund [1999] QSC 200 Supreme Court of Queensland Australia - Queensland 10 Aug 1999 AustLII flag 2
Exemption from Duty - Societies or Institutions of a Charitable or Benevolent Nature or for the Promotion of Aborigines (DUT 7) [1998] NSWOSRDUT 7 New South Wales Office of State Revenue Australia - New South Wales 1 Jul 1998 AustLII flag
Douglas v FCT [1997] FCA 724 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Aug 1997 AustLII flag 2
McCracken (Executor of Estate of MacNamara decd) v Attorney-General (Vic) [1995] VICSC 78; [1995] VicRp 4; [1995] 1 VR 67 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 23 Mar 1994 AustLII flag 9
Adelaide City Mission v South Australian Planning Commission [1993] SASC 3942; (1993) 60 SASR 178; (1993) 80 LGERA 239 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 7 May 1993 AustLII flag 8
Pamas Foundation (Inc) v Commissioner of Taxation [1992] FCA 154; (1992) 35 FCR 117; (1992) 106 ALR 229; (1992) 23 ATR 189 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Apr 1992 AustLII flag 12
Foundation and Deputy Commissioner of Taxation [1991] AATA 278 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 22 Nov 1991 AustLII flag
Re Cronulla Sutherland Leagues Club Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [1990] FCA 90 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 Mar 1990 AustLII flag
Eligibility of a Trust for Exemption Under General Exemption 24(b) (SD138) [1989] NSWOSRSD 16 New South Wales Office of State Revenue Australia - New South Wales 6 Oct 1989 AustLII flag
Re Cronulla-Sutherland Leagues Club Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation [1989] FCA 372 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 15 Sep 1989 AustLII flag
NT87/5731-5734 and Commissioner of Taxation [1989] AATA 406; (1989) 20 ATR 3582 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 26 May 1989 AustLII flag 1
Re Taxation Appeals [1989] AATA 272 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 21 Dec 1989 AustLII flag
Re Trustees of the Allport Bequest v the Commissioner of Taxation [1988] FCA 147 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 May 1988 AustLII flag
SSAU Nominees Pty Ltd v FCT [1986] VicRp 37; [1986] VR 355; (1985) 82 FLR 379; 16 ATR 992 Australia - Victoria 31 Oct 1985 AustLII flag 9
New Zealand Society of Accountants v Commissioner of Inland Revenue HC Wellington M384/84 M623/84 [1985] NZHC 981 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 3 Jul 1985 NZLII flag
Public Trustee v Attorney General [1978] WASC 54 Supreme Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 6 Apr 1978 AustLII flag
Community Welfare Foundation v Attorney-General Victoria [1976] VicRp 13; [1976] VR 186 Australia - Victoria 22 Jul 1975 AustLII flag 1
Commissioner of Land Tax (NSW) v Joyce [1974] HCA 39; (1974) 132 CLR 22; (1974) 48 ALJR 432; (1974) 5 ATR 32 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 25 Oct 1974 AustLII flag 23
Tyrie (decd) (No 1), Re [1972] VicRp 16; [1972] VR 168 Australia - Victoria 30 Apr 1971 AustLII flag 43
DeVedas re will trusts [1971] SASC 816 Supreme Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 18 Feb 1971 AustLII flag
Downing v FCT [1971] HCA 38; (1971) 125 CLR 185; (1971) 2 ATR 472; 45 ALJR 513 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Sep 1971 AustLII flag 24

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title Citation(s) †  Author Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
"Does Freedom of Religion Imply Freedom of Religious Trade?" [2017] JCULawRw 5 (2016-2017) 22 James Cook University Law Review 81 Spencer, Alex Australia circa 2017 AustLII flag
"Charity Accumulation: Interrogating the Conventional View on Tax Restraints" (2015) 37 Sydney Law Review 541 Murray, Ian Australia circa 2015 AustLII flag
"Looking for 'Direct Assistance' in the Phrase 'Public Benevolent Institution': Time to Abandon the Search" (2012) 35 University of New South Wales Law Journal 103 Murray, Ian Australia circa 2012 AustLII flag
"The Henry Review and Charitable Purpose Workable Solutions or Another Band Aid?" [2010] JlALawTA 13 Seymour, Elen Australia circa 2010 AustLII flag
"Charity Means Business Commissioner of Taxation v Word Investments Ltd" (2009) 31 Sydney Law Review 309 Ian Murray Australia circa 2009 AustLII flag 4
"Lutheran Church of Australia v Farmers Co-Operative Executors and Trustees Ltd - Delegation of Testamentary Power" (1971-1972) 4 Adelaide Law Review 210 Keeler, J F Australia circa 1972 AustLII flag 5

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Income Tax Act 1918 (Cth)
Charitable Trusts Act 1914 (Vic)
Education Act, 1928 (Vic)
Trustees Act, 1962 (WA) s102
Charitable Trusts (Validation) Act, 1954

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) †  Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
Stratton (decd), Re [1970] WAR 143 Australia - Western Australia circa 1970 LexisNexis AU flag 2
Inland Revenue Commissioners v Educational Grants Association Ltd [1967] Ch 993 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1967 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 5
McGarvie Smith Institute v Campbelltown Municipal Council [1965] NSWR 1641; (1965) 11 LGRA 321 Australia - New South Wales circa 1965 flag 18
In re Harpur's Will Trusts (1962) 1 Ch 78 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1962 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 7
Re Wykes' Will Trusts [1961] Ch 229 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1961 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 4
[1961] Ch 38 [1961] Ch 38 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1961 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 4
Anglo-Overseas Agencies Ltd v Green (1961) 1 QB 1 United Kingdom circa 1961 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 8
Leahy v Attorney-General for New South Wales [1959] UKPC 1; [1959] AC 457; [1959] 2 All ER 300 Privy Council United Kingdom circa 1959 BAILII flag 52
Thompson v FCT [1959] HCA 66; (1959) 102 CLR 315; [1960] ALR 184; 33 ALJR 384 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Dec 1959 AustLII flag 60
North of England Zoological Society v Chester Rural District Council (1959) 3 All ER 116 United Kingdom circa 1959 LexisNexis flag 2
Attorney-General (NSW) v Donnelly [1958] HCA 1; (1958) 98 CLR 538; [1958] ALR 257; 32 ALJR 44 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 11 Mar 1958 AustLII flag 24
Associated Artists Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1956] 2 All ER 583 United Kingdom circa 1956 LexisNexis flag 5
Congregational Union of New South Wales v Thistlethwayte [1952] HCA 48; (1952) 87 CLR 375; [1952] ALR 729 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Aug 1952 AustLII flag 75
Salvation Army (Victoria) Property Trust v Fern Tree Gully Corporation [1952] HCA 4; (1952) 85 CLR 159; [1952] ALR 85 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Mar 1952 AustLII flag 119
Royal College of Surgeons of England v National Provincial Bank Ltd [1952] AC 631 United Kingdom circa 1952 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 24
Abbey Malvern Wells Ltd v Ministry of Local Government and Planning [1951] Ch 728 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1951 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 5
Crystal Palace Trustees v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1951] Ch 132 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1951 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 14
Re Ingram [1950] VicLawRp 55; [1951] VLR 424; [1951] ALR 900 Australia - Victoria 21 Aug 1950 AustLII flag 15
Re Cain [1950] VicLawRp 1; [1950] VLR 382; [1950] ALR 796 Australia - Victoria 7 Feb 1950 AustLII flag 33
Tatham v Huxtable [1950] HCA 56; (1950) 81 CLR 639; [1951] ALR 1 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 11 Dec 1950 AustLII flag 68
Smith v West Australian Trustee Executor & Agency Co Ltd [1950] HCA 32; 81 CLR 320; [1950] ALR 735 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Sep 1950 AustLII flag 24
Re Wightwick [1950] Ch 260 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1950 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 5
Oxford Group v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1949] 2 All ER 537; [1949] WN 343 United Kingdom circa 1949 LexisNexis flag 17
Re Thureau [1948] 2 ALR 487 Australia circa 1948 LexisNexis AU flag 6
Chichester Diocesan Fund and Board of Finance (Incorp) v Simpson [1944] UKHL 2; [1944] AC 341; [1944] 2 All ER 60 House of Lords United Kingdom 21 Jun 1944 BAILII flag 47
Royal Australasian College of Surgeons v FCT [1943] HCA 34; (1943) 68 CLR 436; [1943] ALR 377; (1943) 7 ATD 289; 2 AITR 490; 17 ALJR 342 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Nov 1943 AustLII flag 72
Re Ward [1941] Ch 308; [1941] 2 All ER 125 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1941 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 4
Minister of National Revenue v Trusts and Guarantee Co Ltd [1940] AC 138; [1939] 4 All ER 149 United Kingdom circa 1940 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 27
Keren Kayemeth Le Jisroel Ltd v Commissioners of Inland Revenue [1932] UKHL TC_17_27; [1932] AC 650; [1932] All ER 971 House of Lords United Kingdom 10 May 1932 BAILII flag 21
Re Hood [1931] 1 Ch 240; [1930] All ER 215; 2 CLI 638 Court of Chancery United Kingdom circa 1931 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 24
Re Griffiths; Griffiths v Griffiths [1926] VicLawRp 20; [1926] VLR 212; [1926] ALR 197; 47 ALT 171 Australia - Victoria 6 May 1926 AustLII flag 22
Hardey v Tory [1923] HCA 35; (1923) 32 CLR 592 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Aug 1923 AustLII flag 15
Hunter v Attorney-General [1899] UKLawRpAC 20; [1899] AC 309 United Kingdom 18 May 1899 CommonLII flag 36
Manchester v McAdam [1896] AC 500 United Kingdom circa 1896 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 33
Re Joy [1887] UKLawRpCh 102; (1887) 35 Ch D 472; (1888) 60 LT 175 United Kingdom 3 May 1887 CommonLII flag 28
Sinnett v Herbert [1872] UKLawRpCh 8; (1872) 7 LRCh App 232 United Kingdom 17 Jan 1872 CommonLII flag 10
Attorney-General v Jesus College, Oxford [1861] EngR 322; 54 ER 589; (1861) 29 Beav 163 Rolls Court United Kingdom circa 1861 CommonLII flag 3

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