- Duress And Necessity (Consultation Paper) (LRC CP 39-2006)

[2006] IELRC CP39

Irish Law Reform Commission

Republic of Ireland

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name	Provision
Constitution
Crimes Amendment Act (No 2) 1999 (ACT)
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)	s336
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA)
Law Reform Commission Act 1975 (Tas)
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)
Criminal Damage Act 1991	s6, s3

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text	Citation Index
v Petherick	[2013] 1 Cr App R 116		United Kingdom	circa 2013	LexisNexis	2
R v McQuade	[2005] NICA 2; [2005] NI 331	Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	12 Jan 2005	BAILII	11
"Resolving the Duress Dilemma: Guidance from the House Of Lords"	(2005) 56 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 421	Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 2005	HeinOnline	1
R v Quayle; R v Wales; R v Taylor; R v Kenny; Attorney General's Reference (No 2 of 2004)	[2005] EWCA Crim 1415; [2006] 1 All ER 988; [2005] 2 Cr App R 527	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	circa 2005	BAILII	7
R v Z	[2005] UKHL 22; [2005] 2 AC 467; [2005] 4 All ER 685; [2005] 2 WLR 709; [2005] All ER (D) 299; [2005] 2 Cr App R 314	House of Lords	United Kingdom	circa 2005	BAILII	61
Gardner Direct Action and the Defence of Necessity	[2005] Crim LR 371		United Kingdom	circa 2005	Westlaw	1
R v Underwood	[2004] EWCA Crim 2256; [2005] 1 Cr App R 13; [2005] 1 Cr App R (S) 90	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	30 Jul 2004	BAILII	53
[2004] Crim LR 13	[2004] Crim LR 13		United Kingdom	circa 2004	Westlaw	1
R v TLC	[2004] ABPC 79	Provincial Court of Alberta	Canada - Alberta	circa 2004	CanLII	1
Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General's Reference (No 4 of 2002)	[2004] UKHL 43; [2005] 1 AC 264; [2005] 1 All ER 237; [2004] 3 WLR 976; [2005] RTR 13; (2004) 168 JP 669; (2004) 17 BHRC 339; [2004] All ER (D) 169	House of Lords	United Kingdom	circa 2004	BAILII	139
R v O ’ Brien	[2003] NSWCCA 121	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	6 May 2003	AustLII	12
R v Shayler	[2002] UKHL 11; [2003] 1 AC 247; [2002] 2 All ER 477; [2002] 2 WLR 754; [2002] All ER (D) 320; [2002] UKHRR 603; [2002] HRLR 33; [2002] ACD 58	House of Lords	United Kingdom	21 Mar 2002	BAILII	143
Harris v Harris	[2001] EWCA Crim 1977; [2002] Fam 253; [2002] 1 All ER 185; [2001] All ER (D) 99; [2001] 1 WLR 2206; (2002) 99 LSG 27; [2002] Fam Law 93	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	8 Nov 2001	BAILII	10
R v Latimer	(2001) 150 CCC (3d) 129		Canada	circa 2001		3
Lord Advocate s Reference (No 1 of 2000)	[2001] SCCR 296		United Kingdom - Scotland	circa 2001	LexisNexis	4
R v Ruzic	[2001] SCC 24; [2001] 1 SCR 687			circa 2001		15
[2001] NZLR 431	[2001] NZLR 431		New Zealand	circa 2001	LexisNexis	1
B (a minor) v DPP	[2000] UKHL 13; [2000] 2 AC 428; [2000] 1 All ER 833; [2000] 2 WLR 452; [2000] Crim LR 403; [2000] 2 Cr App R 65	House of Lords	United Kingdom	23 Feb 2000	BAILII	102
A (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation), Re (conjoined twins/siamese twins case)	[2000] EWCA Civ 254; [2001] Fam 147; [2000] 4 All ER 961; (2000) 57 BMLR 1; [2001] Fam Law 18; [2000] Lloyds Rep Med 425; [2001] UKHRR 1; [2001] 2 WLR 480; [2000] HRLR 721; (2000) 9 BHRC 261	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Civil Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	circa 2000	BAILII	71
Cairns, R v	[1999] EWCA Crim 468; [1999] Crim LR 826	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	22 Feb 1999	BAILII	1
Smith Duress and Steadfastness: In Pursuit of the Unintelligible	[1999] Crim LR 363		United Kingdom	circa 1999	Westlaw	2
R v Abdul-Hussain	[1998] EWCA Crim 3528; [1999] Crim LR 570	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	17 Dec 1998	BAILII	23
R v Bournewood Community & Mental Health N H S Trust; Ex parte L	[1998] UKHL 24; [1999] 1 AC 458; [1998] 3 All ER 289; [1998] 3 WLR 107; [1998] Fam Law 592	House of Lords	United Kingdom	25 Jun 1998	BAILII	73
DPP v Rogers	[1997] EWCA Crim 3422; [1998] Crim LR 202	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	15 Oct 1997	BAILII	1
(1997) 61 Journal of Criminal Law 209	(1997) 61 Journal of Criminal Law 209	Journal of Criminal Law	United Kingdom	circa 1997	HeinOnline	1
R v Bowen	[1996] EWCA Crim 1792; [1996] 2 Cr App R 157; [1997] 1 WLR 372	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	5 Mar 1996	BAILII	17
[1996] Cr App R 116	[1996] Cr App R 116		United Kingdom	circa 1996	LexisNexis	1
R v Pommell	[1995] EWCA Crim 7; [1995] Times 22; [1995] 2 Cr App R 607	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	16 May 1995	BAILII	20
145 (1995) New Law Journal 1063	145 (1995) New Law Journal 1063	New Law Journal	United Kingdom	circa 1995	LexisNexis	1
R v Pommell	(1995) 2 Cr App R 300		United Kingdom	circa 1995	LexisNexis	1
R v Oakes	[1995] 2 NZLR 673		New Zealand	circa 1995	LexisNexis	22
R v Horne	[1994] Crim LR 584		United Kingdom	circa 1994	Westlaw	3
R v Cole	[1994] Crim LR 582		United Kingdom	circa 1994	Westlaw	7
R v Hegarty	[1994] Crim LR 353		United Kingdom	circa 1994	Westlaw	5
[1994] Crim LR 334	[1994] Crim LR 334		United Kingdom	circa 1994	Westlaw	2
[1994] California Law Review 1	[1994] California Law Review 1	California Law Review	United States	circa 1994	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
R v Witika	[1992] NZCA 496; [1993] 2 NZLR 424; (1992) 9 CRNZ 272	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	New Zealand	8 Dec 1992	NZLII	44
Attorney General v X	[1992] IESC 1; [1992] 1 IR 1; [1992] ILRM 401	Supreme Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	5 Mar 1992	BAILII	36
Horder Autonomy, Provocation and Duress	[1992] Crim LR 706		United Kingdom	circa 1992	Westlaw	2
R v Gotts	[1992] 2 AC 412; [1992] 1 All ER 832; [1992] 2 WLR 284; (1992) 94 Cr App R 312		United Kingdom	circa 1992	LexisNexis / Westlaw	22
DPP v Bell	[1992] Crim LR 176		United Kingdom	circa 1992	Westlaw	3
R v Abusafiah	(1991) 24 NSWLR 531; (1991) 56 A Crim R 424		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1991	LexisNexis AU	140
F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation), In re	[1991] UKHL 1; [1990] 2 AC 1	House of Lords	United Kingdom	17 Jul 1990	BAILII	247
(1990) 41 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 158	(1990) 41 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 158	Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly	United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1990	HeinOnline	1
Case and comment	(1990) 14 Criminal Law Journal 289	Criminal Law Journal	Australia	circa 1990	Legal Online	1
Elliot Necessity, Duress and Self Defence	[1989] Crim LR 611		United Kingdom	circa 1989	Westlaw	2
[1989] Crim LR 622	[1989] Crim LR 622		United Kingdom	circa 1989	Westlaw	1
R v Martin	[1988] EWCA Crim 2; [1989] 1 All ER 652; (1988) 88 Cr App R 343; (1988) 153 JP 231; [1989] Crim LR 284; [1989] RTR 63	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	29 Nov 1988	BAILII	43
R v Conway	[1988] EWCA Crim 1; [1989] QB 290; [1988] 3 All ER 1025; (1988) 88 Cr App R 159; [1988] 3 WLR 1238	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	28 Jul 1988	BAILII	31
(1988) 47 CLJ 61	(1988) 47 CLJ 61			circa 1988		1
[1988] Crim LR 42	[1988] Crim LR 42		United Kingdom	circa 1988	Westlaw	1
R v Shepherd	(1988) 86 Cr App R 47		United Kingdom	circa 1988	LexisNexis	8
(1988) 8 Legal Studies 61	(1988) 8 Legal Studies 61	Legal Studies	United Kingdom	circa 1988	Wiley ScienceDirect	1
R v Raroa	[1987] NZCA 305; [1987] 2 NZLR 486; (1987) 2 CRNZ 596	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	New Zealand	21 Sep 1987	NZLII	32
Theory of Justification and Excuse: Some Italian Lessons	(1987) 35 American Journal of Comparative Law 359	American Journal of Comparative Law	United States	circa 1987	HeinOnline / LexisNexis	1
[1987] CLJ 203	[1987] CLJ 203			circa 1987		1
R v Sharp	[1987] QB 853; [1987] 3 All ER 103; (1987) 85 Cr App R 207; [1987] Crim LR 566; [1987] 3 WLR 1; (1987) 151 JP 832		United Kingdom	circa 1987	LexisNexis / Westlaw	14
R v Mena	(1987) 34 CCC (3d) 304		Canada	circa 1987		1
R v Howe; R v Bannister; R v Burke; R v Clarkson	[1986] UKHL 4; [1987] AC 417; [1987] 1 All ER 771; [1987] 2 WLR 568; (1987) 85 Cr App R 32	House of Lords	United Kingdom	19 Feb 1986	BAILII	106
"Necessity yet another analysis?"	(1986) 21 Irish Jurist 186	Irish Jurist	Republic of Ireland	circa 1986	HeinOnline	2
[1986] Irish Jurist 186	[1986] Irish Jurist 186	Irish Jurist	Republic of Ireland	circa 1986	HeinOnline	1
R v Willer	(1986) 83 Cr App R 225		United Kingdom	circa 1986	LexisNexis	21
Perka v R	[1984] CanLII 23 (SCC); [1984] 2 SCR 232; (1985) 13 DLR (4th) 1	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	11 Oct 1984	CanLII	49
[1983] NI 361	[1983] NI 361		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1983	LexisNexis	1
S v Bailey	1982 3 SA 772		South Africa	circa 1982	LexisNexis	6
R v Richman	[1982] Crim LR 507		United Kingdom	circa 1982	Westlaw	2
[1982] Crim LR 732	[1982] Crim LR 732		United Kingdom	circa 1982	Westlaw	3
R v Graham	[1981] EWCA Crim 5; [1982] 1 All ER 801; [1982] 1 WLR 294; (1981) 74 Cr App R 235	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	18 Dec 1981	BAILII	32
R v Teichelman	[1981] 2 NZLR 64		New Zealand	circa 1981	LexisNexis	17
State (DPP) v Walsh	[1981] IR 412			circa 1981		31
(1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 660	(1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 660	International and Comparative Law Quarterly	United Kingdom	circa 1981	HeinOnline / Westlaw	2
R v Loughnan	[1981] VR 433		Australia - Victoria	circa 1981	LexisNexis AU	2
"Duress, Murder and Criminal Responsibility"	(1980) 96 Law Quarterly Review 208	Law Quarterly Review	United Kingdom	circa 1980	Westlaw	5
R v Lawrence	[1980] 1 NSWLR 122		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1980	LexisNexis AU	68
Bergstrom	(1980) 13 CR (3d) 342; (1980) 52 CCC (2d) 407; [1980] 3 WWR 146		Canada	circa 1980		3
"The Defence of Compulsion"	(1980) 9 New Zealand Universities Law Review 105	New Zealand Universities Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1980	Westlaw	6
Darrington & McGauley v R	[1980] VicRp 36; [1980] VR 353; (1979) 1 A Crim R 124		Australia - Victoria	27 Nov 1979	AustLII	57
DPP v Camplin	[1978] UKHL 2; [1978] AC 705; (1978) 67 Cr App R 14	House of Lords	United Kingdom	6 Apr 1978	BAILII	117
[1978] Crim LR 128	[1978] Crim LR 128		United Kingdom	circa 1978	Westlaw	2
People (DPP) v Murray	[1977] IR 360			circa 1977		42
R v McConnell	[1977] 1 NSWLR 714		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1977	LexisNexis AU	11
Abbott v R	[1977] AC 755; [1976] 3 All ER 140; 63 Cr App R 241		United Kingdom	circa 1977	LexisNexis / Westlaw	25
R v Fitzpatrick	[1977] NI 20		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1977	LexisNexis	16
R v Smith	(1977) 40 CRNS 390		Canada	circa 1977		1
R v Paquette	(1976) 30 CCC (2d) 417		Canada	circa 1976		3
Turnbull v New South Wales Medical Board	[1976] 2 NSWLR 281		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1976	LexisNexis AU	247
R v Wilcox	(1976) 38 CRNS 40		Canada	circa 1976		1
DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch	[1975] UKHL 5; [1975] AC 653; [1975] 1 All ER 913; (1975) 61 Cr App R 6; [1975] 2 WLR 641	House of Lords	United Kingdom	12 Mar 1975	BAILII	147
R v Morgan	[1975] 1 All ER 8		United Kingdom	circa 1975	LexisNexis	2
Morgentaler v R	(1975) 53 DLR (3d) 161		Canada	circa 1975		6
[1975] AC 675	[1975] AC 675		United Kingdom	circa 1975	LexisNexis / Westlaw	1
R v Harding	[1976] VicRp 11; [1976] VR 129		Australia - Victoria	6 Dec 1974	AustLII	17
R v McCafferty	[1974] 1 NSWLR 89		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1974	LexisNexis AU	8
State v Goliath	(1972) 3 SALR 465	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	circa 1972	Legal Online / Westlaw	3
(1972) 30 CLJ 87	(1972) 30 CLJ 87			circa 1972		1
S v Goliath	1972 3 SA 1		South Africa	circa 1972	LexisNexis	29
R v Hudson	[1971] EWCA Crim 2; [1971] 2 QB 202; [1971] 2 All ER 244; (1971) 56 Cr App R 1; [1971] 2 WLR 1047; 135 JP 403	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	17 Mar 1971	BAILII	45
Southwark LBC v Williams	[1971] Ch 734; [1971] 2 All ER 175; [1971] 2 WLR 467	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1971	LexisNexis / Westlaw	59
[1970] Crim LR 82	[1970] Crim LR 82		United Kingdom	circa 1970	Westlaw	1
R v Davidson	[1969] VicRp 85; [1969] VR 667		Australia - Victoria	3 Jun 1969	AustLII	35
Eng R v Kray (Ronald)	(1969) 53 Cr App R 569		United Kingdom	circa 1969	LexisNexis	19
R v Joyce	[1968] NZPoliceLawRp 8; [1968] NZLR 1070; (1968) 10 New Zealand Police Law Reports 279	New Zealand Police Law Reports	New Zealand	1 Aug 1968	NZLII	24
R v Brown & Morley	[1968] SASR 467	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	circa 1968	Legal Online / Westlaw	25
R v Hurley & Murray	[1967] VicRp 57; [1967] VR 526		Australia - Victoria	10 Mar 1967	AustLII	51
Salaca v R	[1967] NZCA 4; [1967] NZLR 421; (1967) 10 New Zealand Police Law Reports 213	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	New Zealand	28 Feb 1967	NZLII	6
S v Bradbury	1967 1 SA 387		South Africa	circa 1967	LexisNexis	5
R v Carker (No 2)	[1968] 2 CRNS 16; [1967] SCR 114; [1967] 2 CCC 190	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	19 Dec 1966	Supreme Court of Canada	5
R v Smyth	[1963] VicRp 97; [1963] VR 737		Australia - Victoria	5 Apr 1963	AustLII	12
People (Attorney General) v Keatley	[1954] IR 12			circa 1954		4
Rex v Canestra	(1951) 2 SA 317		South Africa	circa 1951	LexisNexis	2
R v Steane	[1947] KB 997; [1947] 1 All ER 813; 32 Cr App R 61; 111 JP 337; 177 LT 122; [1947] LJR 969		United Kingdom	circa 1947	LexisNexis / Westlaw	30
R v Werner	1947 2 SA 828		South Africa	circa 1947	LexisNexis	3
R v Purdy	(1946) 10 Journal of Contract Law 182	Journal of Contract Law	Australia	circa 1946	LexisNexis AU	2
Attorney-General v Whelan	[1933] IEHC 1; [1934] IR 518	High Court of Ireland	Republic of Ireland	20 Dec 1933	BAILII	28
R v Chansie	(1926) OPD 74		South Africa - Orange Free State	circa 1926		1
R v Metwa	(1921) TPD 227		South Africa - Transvaal	circa 1921		1
Commonwealth v Refitt	(1912) 149 Ky 300		United States - Kentucy	circa 1912		1
R v Vermaak	(1900) 21 NLR 204		Sri Lanka	circa 1900		2
Eng R v Dudley and Stephens	(1884) 14 QBD 273	Queen's Bench	United Kingdom	circa 1884	LexisNexis / Westlaw	108
Rex v Crutchley	[1831] EngR 783; 172 ER 909; (1831) 5 C & P 133		United Kingdom	circa 1831	CommonLII	5
(1829) 2 Lew CC 229; 168 Er 1137	(1829) 2 Lew CC 229; 168 ER 1137		United Kingdom	circa 1829	CommonLII	2
R v Stratton	(1779) 21 St Tr 1045		United Kingdom	circa 1779		4
R v McGrowther	(1746) 18 St Tr 391		United Kingdom	circa 1746		6
Alexander M'Growther's Case	[1746] EngR 782; 168 ER 8; [1746] Fost 13; 18 St Tr 891		United Kingdom	circa 1746	CommonLII	7
(1660) 5 St Tr 1146	(1660) 5 St Tr 1146		United Kingdom	circa 1660		1
Reniger v Fogossa	(1551) 1 Plow 1; 75 ER 1		United Kingdom	circa 1551	CommonLII	13
Perryman v State	12 SE2d 388; 63 Ga App 819		United States	circa 2000		1

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