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Acting Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs v CWY20   flag  49

[2021] FCAFC 195; (2021) 288 FCR 565; 395 ALR 57
Federal Court of Australia
Australia - Commonwealth
9th November, 2021

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
FPB18 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FedCFamC2G 859 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 9 Sep 2024 AustLII flag
TCXM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FCA 451 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 May 2024 AustLII flag 2
LPDT v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2024] HCA 12; (2024) 98 ALJR 610 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 10 Apr 2024 AustLII flag 212
Kolora v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FCA 1583 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Dec 2023 AustLII flag
NRFX v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FCAFC 187 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Dec 2023 AustLII flag 1
EQU19 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FCA 1182 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Oct 2023 AustLII flag 3
Lewer v Minister for Home Affairs [2023] FCAFC 121 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Aug 2023 AustLII flag 3
CEU22 v Minister for Home Affairs (No 2) [2023] FCA 867 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Aug 2023 AustLII flag 3
FDB17 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FedCFamC2G 626 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 21 Jul 2023 AustLII flag
CCU21 v Minister for Home Affairs (Costs) [2023] FCAFC 112 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 19 Jul 2023 AustLII flag
BNGP v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FCAFC 111; (2023) 298 FCR 609 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Jul 2023 AustLII flag 14
DVP18 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FedCFamC2G 549 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 27 Jun 2023 AustLII flag
ENT19 v Minister for Home Affairs [2023] HCA 18; (2023) 410 ALR 1; (2023) 97 ALJR 509 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Jun 2023 AustLII flag 21
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs v EVE21 [2023] FCAFC 91; (2023) 298 FCR 57 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Jun 2023 AustLII flag 6
BIF23 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FedCFamC2G 469 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 7 Jun 2023 AustLII flag 1
CCU21 v Minister for Home Affairs [2023] FCAFC 87; 297 FCR 503 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 31 May 2023 AustLII flag 8
LPDT v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FCAFC 64; (2023) 297 FCR 1 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 May 2023 AustLII flag 24
DDZ16 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FCA 233 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 Mar 2023 AustLII flag
2302567 (Migration) [2023] AATA 1946 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 7 Mar 2023 AustLII flag
BLTY and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Migration) [2023] AATA 1064 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 2 Mar 2023 AustLII flag 1
NRFX v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FCA 21 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Jan 2023 AustLII flag 10
CXI22 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2023] FedCFamC2G 3 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 12 Jan 2023 AustLII flag
Va'a v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Multicultural Affairs and Migration Services [2022] FCA 1412 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 25 Nov 2022 AustLII flag
EMQ17 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FedCFamC2G 947 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 15 Nov 2022 AustLII flag 1
Masi-Haini v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] FCA 1326 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 8 Nov 2022 AustLII flag 2
KQHR v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCA 1205 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 12 Oct 2022 AustLII flag 1
Toki v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCAFC 164 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Sep 2022 AustLII flag 2
AFX17 v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] FCAFC 150 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Sep 2022 AustLII flag 1
Tereva v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCAFC 142 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 26 Aug 2022 AustLII flag 3
ASD21 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCA 937 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Aug 2022 AustLII flag
BKTS and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs (Migration) [2022] AATA 2733 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 11 Aug 2022 AustLII flag 3
BNGP v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCA 878 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Jul 2022 AustLII flag 26
CKT20 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCAFC 124; (2022) 294 FCR 318 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 22 Jul 2022 AustLII flag 49
De Silva v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCA 831 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 19 Jul 2022 AustLII flag
ABB19 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCA 715 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 22 Jun 2022 AustLII flag 4
FKP20 v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] FedCFamC2G 396 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 7 Jun 2022 AustLII flag 1
Nuon v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FCA 653 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Jun 2022 AustLII flag 11
EXT20 v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] FCAFC 72; (2022) 291 FCR 55 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 May 2022 AustLII flag 16
Nicolas v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FedCFamC2G 288 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 26 Apr 2022 AustLII flag 1
Plaintiff S111A/2018 v Minister for Home Affairs (No 4) [2022] FCA 329 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Apr 2022 AustLII flag 3
QJMV v Minister for Home Affairs (No 3) [2022] FCA 322 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Apr 2022 AustLII flag
DGA17 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2022] FedCFamC2G 128 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 2 Mar 2022 AustLII flag
YKWD and Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Migration) [2022] AATA 164 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 7 Feb 2022 AustLII flag 1
Commissioner of Taxation v Coronica [2022] FCA 72; 114 ATR 305 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 7 Feb 2022 AustLII flag 3
AFX17 v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] FCA 56 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Feb 2022 AustLII flag 1
CCU21 v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] FCA 28; 398 ALR 535 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 31 Jan 2022 AustLII flag 6
FCZ20 v Minister for Home Affairs [2022] FedCFamC2G 15 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 28 Jan 2022 AustLII flag 5
ENT19 v Minister for Home Affairs [2021] FCAFC 217; (2021) 289 FCR 100 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 26 Nov 2021 AustLII flag 21

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
"The Creeping Cruelty of Australian Crimmigration Law" (2022) 44 Sydney Law Review 169 Crock, Mary E; Bones, Kate Australia circa 2022 AustLII flag

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Migration Amendment (Character and General Visa Cancellation) Bill 2014 (Cth)
Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) s25D, s33
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) s20
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s46A, s48A, s189, s195A, s197AB, s197C, s198, s270, s501, s501A, s501BA, s501CA, s501E, s501G
National Environment Protection Measures (Implementation) Act 1998 (Cth) s5
Water Act 2007 (Cth) s3
Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) s39.32
Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth)
Regulations (Cth)
Broadcasting Services Amendment Act 2000 (Cth)
Clean Energy Act 2011 (Cth) s3
Foreign Antitrust Judgments (Restriction of Enforcement) Act 1979 (Cth) s3, s50
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth)
Structural Adjustment (Loan Guarantees) Act 1974 (Cth) s3
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)
Trade Practices Amendment (International Liner Cargo Shipping) Act 2000 (Cth)

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
DPP Reference No 1 of 2019 [2021] HCA 26; (2021) 274 CLR 177; (2021) 392 ALR 413; (2021) 95 ALJR 741 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Sep 2021 AustLII flag 19
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs v FAK19 [2021] FCAFC 153; (2021) 287 FCR 181 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Aug 2021 AustLII flag 77
PKZM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 845 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 27 Jul 2021 AustLII flag 5
BFM16 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2021] FCA 312 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 31 Mar 2021 AustLII flag 4
CWY20 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1855 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Dec 2020 AustLII flag 10
Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs v CTB19 [2020] FCAFC 166; (2020) 280 FCR 178 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Oct 2020 AustLII flag 38
CZW20 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs [2020] FCA 1380 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Sep 2020 AustLII flag 3
Applicant S270/2019 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2020] HCA 32; (2020) 383 ALR 194; (2020) 94 ALJR 897 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Sep 2020 AustLII flag 65
Ali v Minister for Home Affairs [2020] FCAFC 109; (2020) 278 FCR 627; (2020) 380 ALR 393 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Jun 2020 AustLII flag 178
Minister for Home Affairs v Omar [2019] FCAFC 188; (2019) 272 FCR 589; (2019) 373 ALR 569 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Oct 2019 AustLII flag 434
Brisbane City Council v Amos [2019] HCA 27; (2019) 266 CLR 593; (2019) 372 ALR 366; (2019) 93 ALJR 977 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Sep 2019 AustLII flag 22
Ibrahim v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCAFC 89; (2019) 270 FCR 12 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 May 2019 AustLII flag 227
Ozer v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCA 104 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Feb 2019 AustLII flag 5
Viane v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCAFC 116; (2018) 263 FCR 531; 162 ALD 13 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Aug 2018 AustLII flag 288
Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] HCA 33; (2017) 263 CLR 1; (2017) 347 ALR 350; (2017) 91 ALJR 890 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Sep 2017 AustLII flag 160
Carrascalao v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCAFC 107; (2017) 252 FCR 352; (2017) 347 FLR 173; (2017) 347 ALR 173 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Jul 2017 AustLII flag 528
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Le [2016] FCAFC 120; (2016) 244 FCR 56; 341 ALR 112; 154 ALD 104 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Sep 2016 AustLII flag 120
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Stretton [2016] FCAFC 11; (2016) 237 FCR 1; (2016) 329 ALR 491 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 15 Feb 2016 AustLII flag 848
Plaintiff M68/2015 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] HCA 1; (2016) 257 CLR 42; (2016) 327 ALR 369; (2016) 90 ALJR 297 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Feb 2016 AustLII flag 99
FTZK v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2014] HCA 26; (2014) 310 ALR 1; (2014) 88 ALJR 754; 64 AAR 15 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 27 Jun 2014 AustLII flag 119
Plaintiff S156/2013 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2014] HCA 22; (2014) 254 CLR 28; (2014) 309 ALR 29; 88 ALJR 690 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 18 Jun 2014 AustLII flag 86
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li [2013] HCA 18; (2013) 249 CLR 332; (2013) 297 ALR 225; (2013) 87 ALJR 618; (2013) 138 ALD 181 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 8 May 2013 AustLII flag 2450
Pilbara Infrastructure Pty Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal [2012] HCA 36; (2012) 246 CLR 379; (2012) 290 ALR 750; (2012) 86 ALJR 1126 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Sep 2012 AustLII flag 110
Gbojueh v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCA 288; (2012) 202 FCR 417; (2012) 289 ALR 107; (2012) 126 ALD 314 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Mar 2012 AustLII flag 57
Plaintiff M70/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2011] HCA 32; (2011) 244 CLR 144; (2011) 280 ALR 18; (2011) 85 ALJR 891; (2011) 122 ALD 237 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 31 Aug 2011 AustLII flag 400
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZLSP [2010] FCAFC 108; (2010) 187 FCR 362; (2010) 272 ALR 115; (2010) 117 ALD 259 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Sep 2010 AustLII flag 276
Hogan v Australian Crime Commission [2010] HCA 21; (2010) 240 CLR 651; (2010) 267 ALR 12; (2010) 84 ALJR 479; (2010) 75 ATR 794 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Jun 2010 AustLII flag 436
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS [2010] HCA 16; (2010) 240 CLR 611; (2010) 266 ALR 367; (2010) 84 ALJR 369; (2010) 115 ALD 248 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2010 AustLII flag 3443
Applicant M 117 of 2007 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCA 1838 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Dec 2008 AustLII flag 6
Foots v Southern Cross Mine Management Pty Ltd [2007] HCA 56; (2007) 234 CLR 52; (2007) 241 ALR 32; (2007) 82 ALJR 173; 6 CA 32 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 7 Dec 2007 AustLII flag 318
Leach v R [2007] HCA 3; (2007) 230 CLR 1; 232 ALR 325; (2007) 81 ALJR 598 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2007 AustLII flag 123
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v Huynh [2004] FCAFC 256; (2004) 139 FCR 505; (2004) 211 ALR 126; 80 ALD 501 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Sep 2004 AustLII flag 128
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v SGLB [2004] HCA 32; (2004) 207 ALR 12; (2004) 78 ALD 224; (2004) 78 ALJR 992 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2004 AustLII flag 1527
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 [2003] HCA 30; (2003) 198 ALR 59; (2003) 73 ALD 1; (2003) 24 Leg Rep 10; (2003) 77 ALJR 1165 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Jun 2003 AustLII flag 1445
Wong v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2002] FCA 959 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Aug 2002 AustLII flag 15
Madafferi v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2002] FCAFC 220; (2002) 118 FCR 326; 70 ALD 644 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Jul 2002 AustLII flag 87
Samad v District Court of New South Wales [2002] HCA 24; 189 ALR 1; 76 ALJR 871; (2002) 23 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 Jun 2002 AustLII flag 62
(2002) 188 FCR 326 (2002) 188 FCR 326 Federal Court of Australia Australia circa 2002 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 1
Re Patterson; Ex parte Taylor [2001] HCA 51; (2001) 207 CLR 391; 182 ALR 657; (2001) 64 ALD 545; (2001) 75 ALJR 1439; (2001) 22 Leg Rep 13 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2001 AustLII flag 385
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Gunner [1998] FCA 831; (1998) 84 FCR 400; (1998) 156 ALR 306; 50 ALD 11 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Jul 1998 AustLII flag 57
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh [1995] HCA 20; (1995) 183 CLR 273; (1995) 128 ALR 353; (1995) 69 ALJR 423; (1995) 39 ALD 206; [1995] EOC 92-696; [1996] 1 CHRLD 67; (1995) 7 Leg Rep 18 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 7 Apr 1995 AustLII flag 1847
Polyukhovich v Commonwealth [1991] HCA 32; (1991) 172 CLR 501; (1991) 101 ALR 545; 65 ALJR 521; 91 ILR 1 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Aug 1991 AustLII flag 483
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd [1986] HCA 40; (1986) 162 CLR 24; (1986) 66 ALR 299; (1986) 60 ALJR 560; (1986) 10 ALN N109; [1986] CA 40 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1986 AustLII flag 5514
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) 1465 UNTS 85 International circa 1984 flag 442
Commonwealth v Tasmania [1983] HCA 21; (1983) 158 CLR 1; (1983) 46 ALR 625; (1983) 57 ALJR 450; 68 ILR 266 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 1983 AustLII flag 960
Buck v Bavone [1976] HCA 24; (1976) 135 CLR 110; (1976) 9 ALR 481; (1976) 50 ALJR 648 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 May 1976 AustLII flag 584
Finance Facilities Pty Ltd v FCT [1971] HCA 12; (1971) 127 CLR 106; 45 ALJR 241; 2 ATR 194 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 12 Nov 1971 AustLII flag 387
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) 1155 UNTS 331 International circa 1969 flag 536
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967) 606 UNTS 267 International circa 1967 flag 424
Civil and Political Rights (1966) 999 UNTS 171 International circa 1966 flag 1329
R v Reynhoudt [1962] HCA 23; (1962) 107 CLR 381; [1962] ALR 483; (1962) 36 ALJR 26 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 May 1962 AustLII flag 145
Ward v Williams [1955] HCA 4; (1955) 92 CLR 496 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Mar 1955 AustLII flag 319
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) 189 UNTS 137 International circa 1951 flag 533
Avon Downs Pty Ltd v FCT [1949] HCA 26; (1949) 78 CLR 353 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Aug 1949 AustLII flag 592
"International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Word “ Law ”" (1945) 22 British Yearbook of International Law 146 British Yearbook of International Law United Kingdom circa 1945 HeinOnline flag 1
R v Connell; Ex parte Hetton Bellbird Collieries Ltd [1944] HCA 42; (1944) 69 CLR 407; 18 ALJR 205 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Oct 1944 AustLII flag 477
"The Science of International Law: Its Task and Method" (1908) 2 American Journal of International Law 313 American Journal of International Law United States circa 1908 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 4
Julius v Bishop of Oxford (1880) 5 AC 214; [1874-80] All ER 43; 49 LJQB 577; 42 LT 546 United Kingdom circa 1880 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 379

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