McNamara v R 8

[2023] HCA 36; (2023) 98 ALJR 1

High Court of Australia

Australia - Commonwealth

15th November, 2023

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text	Citation Index
HBSY Pty Ltd v Lewis	[2024] HCA 35	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	9 Oct 2024	AustLII	4
R v Youseff (No 3)	[2024] NSWSC 1261	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	8 Oct 2024	AustLII
R v Diallo (No 6)	[2024] NSWSC 917	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	29 Jul 2024	AustLII	5
R v Diallo (No 4)	[2024] NSWSC 882	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	22 Jul 2024	AustLII	4
Dawson v R	[2024] NSWCCA 98	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	13 Jun 2024	AustLII	2
R v Nehme; R v Price; R v Rahim; R v Rizk; R v Taufahema (No 4)	[2024] NSWSC 451	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	6 May 2024	AustLII	1
R v Cage; R v Lowcock; R v Stamp	[2024] NSWSC 78	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	9 Feb 2024	AustLII
R v Price; R v Rahim; R v Rizk; R v Taufahema	[2023] NSWSC 1659	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	21 Nov 2023	AustLII	1

Legislation Cited

s395

Legislation Name	Provision
Commonwealth Evidence Act (Cth)	s3, s4, s9, s17, s20, s27, s37, s55, s56, s65, s66, s73, s85, s87, s93, s101, s104, s135, s192
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW)
Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (NSW)	s21, s28, s29, s29A, s130, s135, s154, s294CB
Evidence Act 1995 (NSW)
Interpretation Act 1987 (NSW)	s5, s8
Justices Act 1902 (NSW)
Justices (Amendment) Act 1987 (NSW)
Stronger Communities Legislation Amendment (Miscellaneous) Act 2020 (NSW)	s28, s29, s78A
Criminal Evidence Act 1898

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text	Citation Index
Samia v United States	(2023) 599 US 635	United States Supreme Court	United States	circa 2023	Westlaw	1
Awad v R	(2022) 296 A Crim R 561		Australia	circa 2022	Legal Online / Westlaw	1
Caleo v R	[2021] NSWCCA 179; (2021) 290 A Crim R 352	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	6 Aug 2021	AustLII	16
Rogerson v R; McNamara v R	[2021] NSWCCA 160; (2021) 290 A Crim R 239	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	16 Jul 2021	AustLII	28
FX v R; GX v R	[2020] NSWCCA 189; (2020) 290 A Crim R 31	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	4 Aug 2020	AustLII	6
R v Newson; R v Cunneen (No 2)	[2020] NSWSC 462	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	30 Apr 2020	AustLII	6
Nguyen v R	(2020) 269 CLR 299; [2020] HCA 23		Australia - Commonwealth	circa 2020	Legal Online / Westlaw	25
Hamalainen v R	[2019] NSWCCA 276	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	15 Nov 2019	AustLII	14
Hayward v R	[2018] NSWCCA 104; (2018) 97 NSWLR 852	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	4 Jun 2018	AustLII	7
Mansfield v Western Australia	[2017] WASCA 178; (2017) 52 WAR 233	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	29 Sep 2017	AustLII	9
Hughes v R	[2017] HCA 20; (2017) 263 CLR 338; (2017) 344 ALR 187; 92 ALJR 52; (2017) 264 A Crim R 225; 92 LGRA 52	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Jun 2017	AustLII	481
Alqudsi v R	[2016] HCA 24; (2016) 258 CLR 203; 332 ALR 20; (2016) 90 ALJR 711; (2016) 154 A Crim R 533	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 Jun 2016	AustLII	51
Trotter v R	[2016] NSWCCA 57	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	19 Apr 2016	AustLII	10
R v Rogerson; R v McNamara (No 45)	[2016] NSWSC 452	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	15 Apr 2016	AustLII	5
Imm v R	[2016] HCA 14; (2016) 257 CLR 300; (2016) 330 ALR 382; (2016) 90 ALJR 529	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Apr 2016	AustLII	597
R v Rogerson; R v McNamara (No 3)	[2015] NSWSC 965	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	21 Jul 2015	AustLII	16
Haddara v R	[2014] VSCA 100; (2014) 43 VR 53; (2014) 241 A Crim R 93	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	27 May 2014	AustLII	54
R v Murch	(2014) 119 SASR 427	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	circa 2014	Legal Online / Westlaw	2
X7 v Australian Crime Commission	[2013] HCA 29; (2013) 248 CLR 92; 298 ALR 570; (2013) 87 ALJR 858; (2013) 232 A Crim R 410	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Jun 2013	AustLII	362
Stagno v Western Australia	[2013] WASC 186	Supreme Court of Western Australia	Australia - Western Australia	15 May 2013	AustLII	2
Russell v Western Australia	[2011] WASCA 246; (2011) 214 A Crim R 326	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	10 Nov 2011	AustLII	42
Madubuko v R	[2011] NSWCCA 135; (2011) 210 A Crim R 249	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	8 Jun 2011	AustLII	25
Aid/Watch Inc v Commissioner of Taxation	[2010] HCA 42; (2010) 241 CLR 539; (2010) 272 ALR 417; 77 ATR 195; (2010) 85 ALJR 154; [2010] ATC 20-227	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	1 Dec 2010	AustLII	118
Johnstone v New South Wales	[2010] NSWCA 70; (2010) 202 A Crim R 422	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	9 Apr 2010	AustLII	24
Kirk v Industrial Court of New South Wales	(2010) 239 CLR 531		Australia - Commonwealth	circa 2010	Legal Online / Westlaw	1161
Western Australia v Russell	[2009] WASCA 154	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	25 Aug 2009	AustLII	11
Jones v R	[2009] HCA 17; (2009) 254 ALR 626; (2009) 83 ALJR 671	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	29 Apr 2009	AustLII	18
International Finance Trust Co Ltd v New South Wales Crime Commission	[2008] NSWCA 291; (2008) 232 FLR 37; (2008) 251 ALR 479; (2008) 189 A Crim R 559; (2008) 74 ATR 125	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	6 Nov 2008	AustLII	39
R v Henry; R v Gravett; R v Swansson	[2008] NSWCCA 248	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	24 Oct 2008	AustLII	10
R v Roughan & Jones	[2007] QCA 443; (2007) 179 A Crim R 389	Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal	Australia - Queensland	14 Dec 2007	AustLII	29
Evans v R	[2007] HCA 59; (2007) 235 CLR 521; (2007) 241 ALR 400; (2007) 82 ALJR 250; (2007) 179 A Crim R 232	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Dec 2007	AustLII	104
Zammit v Western Australia	[2007] WASCA 66; (2007) 34 WAR 302; (2007) 170 A Crim R 324	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	23 Mar 2007	AustLII	58
Cornwell v R	[2007] HCA 12; (2007) 231 CLR 260; (2007) 234 ALR 51; 81 ALJR 840; 169 A Crim R 89	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Mar 2007	AustLII	118
Swansson v R	[2007] NSWCCA 67; (2007) 209 FLR 339; (2007) 239 ALR 578; (2007) 69 NSWLR 406; (2007) 168 A Crim R 263	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	21 Mar 2007	AustLII	35
[2007] 3 NZLR 299	[2007] 3 NZLR 299		New Zealand	circa 2007	LexisNexis	6
Western Australia v Bowen	[2006] WASCA 133; (2006) 32 WAR 81; (2006) 162 A Crim R 535	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	30 Jun 2006	AustLII	41
R v Darwiche	[2006] NSWSC 929	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	30 May 2006	AustLII	5
Pham v R	[2006] NSWCCA 3	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	23 Jan 2006	AustLII	7
"One Accused's Evidence of Another's Criminal Disposition"	(2006) 11 Deakin Law Review 179	Deakin Law Review	Australia	circa 2006	AustLII	2
Meteyard v Love	[2005] NSWCA 444; (2005) 224 ALR 588; (2005) 65 NSWLR 36; 56 ACSR 487	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	13 Dec 2005	AustLII	92
Ali v R	[2005] HCA 8; (2005) 214 ALR 1; (2005) 79 ALJR 662	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	8 Mar 2005	AustLII	215
R v Ronen	[2004] NSWCCA 67; (2004) 62 NSWLR 707	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	22 Mar 2004	AustLII	25
Kazemi v R	[2003] WASCA 301; (2003) 28 WAR 176	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	3 Dec 2003	AustLII	3
R v Taylor	[2003] NSWCCA 194	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	7 Nov 2003	AustLII	36
R v Ellis	[2003] NSWCCA 319; (2003) 58 NSWLR 700; 144 A Crim R 1	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	5 Nov 2003	AustLII	136
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Vines	[2003] NSWSC 995; (2003) 48 ACSR 282	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	31 Oct 2003	AustLII	16
Symss v R	[2003] NSWCCA 77	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	2 Apr 2003	AustLII	37
R v Soma	[2003] HCA 13; (2003) 212 CLR 299; (2003) 196 ALR 421; (2003) 140 A Crim R 152; (2003) 77 ALJR 849; (2003) 24 Leg Rep C5	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Mar 2003	AustLII	162
Harkins v Butcher	[2002] NSWCA 237; (2002) 55 NSWLR 558; [2002] ATPR (Digest) 46-225	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	28 Aug 2002	AustLII	33
R v Chami	[2002] NSWCCA 136; (2002) 128 A Crim R 428	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	12 Apr 2002	AustLII	34
Winning v R	[2002] WASCA 44	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	7 Mar 2002	AustLII	22
Smith v R	[2001] HCA 50; (2001) 206 CLR 650; (2001) 181 ALR 354; (2001) 22 Leg Rep C8; (2001) 75 ALJR 1398; (2001) 125 A Crim R 10	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	16 Aug 2001	AustLII	333
Azzopardi v R	[2001] HCA 25; (2001) 205 CLR 50; 179 ALR 349; (2001) 119 A Crim R 8; (2001) 22 Leg Rep C1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	3 May 2001	AustLII	505
KRM v R	[2001] HCA 11; (2001) 206 CLR 221; (2001) 178 ALR 385; (2001) 75 ALJR 550; (2001) 118 A Crim R 262; (2001) 22 Leg Rep C1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	8 Mar 2001	AustLII	305
RPS v R	[2000] HCA 3; (2000) 199 CLR 620; 168 ALR 729; (2000) 113 A Crim R 341; (2000) 74 ALJR 449; (2000) 21 Leg Rep C1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	3 Feb 2000	AustLII	736
Papakosmas v R	[1999] HCA 37; (1999) 196 CLR 297; (1999) 164 ALR 548; (1999) 73 ALJR 1274; (1999) 15 Leg Rep C16	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1999	AustLII	652
R v TJB	[1998] 4 VR 621; (1998) 102 A Crim R 74		Australia - Victoria	circa 1998	LexisNexis AU	104
Myers, R v	[1997] UKHL 36; [1998] AC 124; [1997] 4 All ER 314; [1998] 1 Cr App R 153	House of Lords	United Kingdom	24 Jul 1997	BAILII	41
[1997] 1 VR 1	[1997] 1 VR 1		Australia - Victoria	circa 1997	LexisNexis AU	107
R v Christou	[1997] AC 117; 2 ER 927		United Kingdom	circa 1997	LexisNexis / Westlaw	49
Bannon v R	[1995] HCA 27; (1995) 185 CLR 1; (1995) 132 ALR 87; (1995) 83 A Crim R 370; (1995) 70 ALJR 25; (1995) 19 Leg Rep C1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	9 Nov 1995	AustLII	95
Tan Siew Gim v R Co	[1995] UKPC 25	Privy Council		19 Jun 1995	BAILII	1
Western Australia v Commonwealth	[1995] HCA 47; (1995) 183 CLR 373; (1995) 128 ALR 1; (1995) 69 ALJR 309; [1995] EOC 92-687	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	16 Mar 1995	AustLII	547
R v Eriemo	[1995] 2 Cr App R 206		United Kingdom	circa 1995	LexisNexis	8
Lobban v R	[1995] 2 All ER 602; [1995] 1 WLR 877		United Kingdom	circa 1995	LexisNexis	31
Jarvie v Magistrates' Court of Victoria at Brunswick	[1995] VicRp 5; [1995] 1 VR 84		Australia - Victoria	18 Jul 1994	AustLII	97
Webb v R	[1994] HCA 30; (1994) 181 CLR 41; (1994) 122 ALR 41; (1994) 68 ALJR 582; 73 A Crim R 258	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Jun 1994	AustLII	1335
Coco v R	[1994] HCA 15; (1994) 179 CLR 427; (1994) 120 ALR 415; 72 A Crim R 32; (1994) 68 ALJR 401; [1994] Aust Torts Reports 81-270	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Apr 1994	AustLII	972
Environment Protection Authority v Caltex Refining Co Pty Ltd	[1993] HCA 74; (1993) 178 CLR 477; (1993) 118 ALR 392; 82 LGERA 51; 68 ALJR 127; 12 ACSR 452	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	24 Dec 1993	AustLII	351
Dietrich v R	[1992] HCA 57; (1992) 177 CLR 292; (1992) 109 ALR 385; (1992) 67 ALJR 1; 64 A Crim R 176	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Nov 1992	AustLII	1607
R v Webb & Hay	(1992) 59 SASR 563	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	circa 1992	Legal Online / Westlaw	58
Collie, Kranz & Lovegrove v R	[1991] SASC 2996; (1991) 56 SASR 302; (1991) 55 A Crim R 139	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	30 Aug 1991	AustLII	96
R v Jones and Waghorn	[1991] VSCA 123; (1991) 55 A Crim R 159	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	circa 1991	AustLII	67
Jago v District Court (NSW)	[1989] HCA 46; (1989) 168 CLR 23; 87 ALR 577; 41 A Crim R 307; (1989) 63 ALJR 640; (1989) 168 CLE 23	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Oct 1989	AustLII	1624
R v Carranceja	(1989) 42 A Crim R 402		Australia	circa 1989	Legal Online / Westlaw	12
R v Hull	(1989) 16 NSWLR 385; (1989) 41 A Crim R 262		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1989	LexisNexis AU	35
Lui Mei Lin v R	[1989] AC 288; [1989] 1 All ER 359; (1989) 88 Cr App R 296; [1989] 2 WLR 175		United Kingdom	circa 1989	LexisNexis / Westlaw	20
John L Pty Ltd v Attorney-General (NSW)	[1987] HCA 42; (1987) 163 CLR 508; 73 ALR 545; 61 ALJR 508; 27 A Crim R 228	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	17 Sep 1987	AustLII	251
R v Glover	(1987) 46 SASR 310	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	circa 1987	Legal Online / Westlaw	49
R v Verma	(1987) 30 A Crim R 441		Australia	circa 1987	Legal Online / Westlaw	27
De Jesus v R	[1986] HCA 65; (1986) 68 ALR 1; (1986) 61 ALJR 1; (1986) 22 A Crim R 375	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Nov 1986	AustLII	281
King v R	[1986] HCA 59; (1986) 161 CLR 423; 67 ALR 379; 21 A Crim R 436; 60 ALJR 685	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 Oct 1986	AustLII	225
Sutton v R	[1984] HCA 5; (1984) 152 CLR 528; 51 ALR 435; (1984) 58 ALJR 60; 11 A Crim R 331	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Feb 1984	AustLII	354
Alister v R	[1984] HCA 85; (1984) 154 CLR 404; (1983) 50 ALR 41; (1984) 58 ALJR 97	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Feb 1984	AustLII	773
R v Oliver	(1984) 57 ALR 543		Australia	circa 1984	LexisNexis AU	64
R v Visser	[1983] 3 NSWLR 240; 12 A Crim R 315		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1983	LexisNexis AU	9
R v Gibb and McKenzie	[1983] VicRp 78; [1983] 2 VR 155; (1982) 7 A Crim R 385		Australia - Victoria	12 Nov 1982	AustLII	100
R v Darby	[1982] HCA 32; (1982) 148 CLR 668; 40 ALR 594; (1982) 56 ALJR 688	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	18 May 1982	AustLII	148
R v Stalder	[1981] 2 NSWLR 9; (1981) 3 A Crim R 87		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1981	LexisNexis AU	52
R v Ditroia & Tucci	[1981] VicRp 28; [1981] VR 247		Australia - Victoria	29 Aug 1980	AustLII	36
Darrington & McGauley v R	[1980] VicRp 36; [1980] VR 353; (1979) 1 A Crim R 124		Australia - Victoria	27 Nov 1979	AustLII	57
Attorney-General's Reference (No 1 of 1977)	[1979] WAR 45		Australia - Western Australia	circa 1979	LexisNexis AU	29
R v Demirok	[1976] VicRp 19; [1976] VR 244		Australia - Victoria	26 Sep 1975	AustLII	178
Lowery v R	[1974] AC 85; [1973] 3 All ER 662		United Kingdom	circa 1974	LexisNexis / Westlaw	57
Commissioner of Land Tax v Christie	[1973] 2 NSWLR 526; 2 A Crim R 418; 4 ATR 177		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1973	LexisNexis AU	56
DPP v Merriman	[1973] AC 584; [1972] 2 All ER 42; (1972) 56 Cr App R 766		United Kingdom	circa 1973	LexisNexis / Westlaw	224
R v Lowery & King (No 3)	[1972] VicRp 109; [1972] VR 939		Australia - Victoria	17 Sep 1971	AustLII	40
Murdoch v Taylor	[1965] AC 574; [1965] 1 All ER 406; (1965) 49 Cr App R 119; 129 JP 208; [1965] 2 WLR 425		United Kingdom	circa 1965	LexisNexis / Westlaw	29
Parker v R	[1963] HCA 14; (1963) 111 CLR 610; [1963] ALR 524; (1963) 37 ALJR 3	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	24 May 1963	AustLII	195
Thomas v R	[1960] HCA 2; (1960) 102 CLR 584; [1960] ALR 233; 33 ALJR 413	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	29 Jan 1960	AustLII	264
R v Kerekes	(1953) 70 WN (NSW) 102		Australia - New South Wales	circa 1953		18
R v Fenwick	(1953) 54 SR (NSW) 147; 71 WN (NSW) 102	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	circa 1953		20
R v Miller	[1952] 2 All ER 667; (1952) 36 Cr App R 169; [1952] Cr App R 169		United Kingdom	circa 1952	LexisNexis	31
R v Grondkowski	[1946] KB 369; [1946] 1 All ER 559; (1946) 31 Cr App R 116		United Kingdom	circa 1946	LexisNexis / Westlaw	104
Mancini v DPP	[1942] AC 1; [1941] 3 All ER 272; 111 LJKB 84		United Kingdom	circa 1942	LexisNexis / Westlaw	191
Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxes (SA) v Elder's Trustee and Executor Co Ltd	[1936] HCA 64; (1936) 57 CLR 610; [1937] ALR 27; 4 ATD 135	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	10 Dec 1936	AustLII	52
Woolmington v DPP	[1935] AC 462		United Kingdom	circa 1935	LexisNexis / Westlaw	751
R v Stringer	[1933] 1 KB 704		United Kingdom	circa 1933	LexisNexis / Westlaw	6
Munday v Gill	[1930] HCA 20; (1930) 44 CLR 38; 36 ALR 313	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Aug 1930	AustLII	84
R v Dennis	[1924] 1 KB 867		United Kingdom	circa 1924	LexisNexis / Westlaw	13
Crane v DPP	(1920) 3 KB 236; [1921] 2 AC 299; [1921] All ER 19; (1921) 15 Cr App R 183; (1920) 2 New Zealand Police Law Reports 224; 90 LJKB 1160		United Kingdom	circa 1920	LexisNexis / Westlaw	103
R v Gibbins and Proctor	(1918) 13 Cr App R 134		United Kingdom	circa 1918	LexisNexis	42
R v Christie	[1914] UKLawRpAC 20; [1914] AC 545; [1914-15] All ER 63; (1914) 10 Cr App R 141; 111 LT 220		United Kingdom	7 Apr 1914	CommonLII	328
Latham v R	[1864] EngR 528; 122 ER 968; (1864) 5 B & S 635	Kings Bench	United Kingdom	circa 1864	CommonLII	9

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