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Clayton v R     79

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court †	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text		Citation Index
Baleiwairiki v State	[2022] FJCA 176	Court of Appeal of Fiji	Fiji	19 Dec 2022	PacLII
R v Ross (No 4)	[2020] NSWDC 197	District Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	12 May 2020	AustLII		1
Western Australia v LE	[2020] WADC 55	District Court of Western Australia	Australia - Western Australia	5 May 2020	AustLII
R v Mendez	[2010] EWCA Crim 516; [2011] QB 876; [2010] 3 All ER 231; [2010] All ER (D) 206; [2011] Cr App R 10; [2010] Crim LR 874	England and Wales Court of Appeal - Criminal Division	United Kingdom - England and Wales	22 Mar 2010	BAILII		13
R v Rohan (a pseudonym)	[2024] HCA 3; 98 ALJR 429	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Feb 2024	AustLII		8
Mitchell v R	[2023] HCA 5; (2023) 276 CLR 299; (2023) 97 ALJR 172	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 Feb 2023	AustLII		26
Miller v R	[2016] HCA 30; (2016) 259 CLR 380; (2016) 334 ALR 1; (2016) 90 ALJR 918	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	24 Aug 2016	AustLII		76
Miller v R; Smith v R; Presley v The DPP for South Australia	[2016] HCATrans 107	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	11 May 2016	AustLII		2
Presley v The DPP for South Australia	[2016] HCATrans 17	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Feb 2016	AustLII
Huynh v R	[2013] HCA 6; (2013) 214 CLR 1; 295 ALR 624; (2013) 87 ALJR 434; (2013) 228 A Crim R 306	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Mar 2013	AustLII		76
Huynh v R; Duong v R; Sem v R	[2012] HCATrans 335	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	6 Dec 2012	AustLII
Huynh v R; Duong v R; Sem v R	[2012] HCATrans 334	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	5 Dec 2012	AustLII
Hargraves v R	[2011] HCA 44; (2011) 245 CLR 257; (2011) 282 ALR 214; (2011) 85 ALJR 1254; (2011) 218 A Crim R 123	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Oct 2011	AustLII		77
R v Nguyen	[2010] HCA 38; (2010) 242 CLR 491; (2010) 271 ALR 493; (2010) 85 ALJR 8; (2010) 271 A Crim R 493	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	3 Nov 2010	AustLII		178
R v Keenan	[2009] HCA 1; (2009) 236 CLR 397; (2009) 252 ALR 198; (2009) 83 ALJR 243; 192 A Crim R 566	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	2 Feb 2009	AustLII		86
HML v R	[2008] HCA 16; (2008) 235 CLR 334; (2008) 245 ALR 204; (2008) 82 ALJR 723; 183 A Crim R 159	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	24 Apr 2008	AustLII		503
New South Wales v Fahy	[2007] HCA 20; (2007) 232 CLR 486; (2007) 236 ALR 406; (2007) 81 ALJR 1021; [2007] Aust Torts Reports 81-889; (2007) 4 DDCR 459	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 May 2007	AustLII		273
R v Taufahema	[2007] HCA 11; (2007) 228 CLR 232; (2007) 234 ALR 1; 168 A Crim R 95; 81 ALJR 800	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 Mar 2007	AustLII		164
HKSAR v Chan Kam Shing	[2016] HKCFA 87; (2016) 19 HKCFAR 640; [2017] 1 HKC 245	Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal	Hong Kong	16 Dec 2016	HKLII		72
R v Jogee	[2016] UKPC 7	Privy Council	United Kingdom	18 Feb 2016	BAILII		20
R v Bentley; R v Davies; R v Thomas; R v Tilley	[2018] NSWSC 332	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	12 Mar 2018	AustLII
R v LN; R v Aw (No 9)	[2017] NSWSC 376	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	11 Aug 2017	AustLII		2
R v Qaumi (No 60)	[2016] NSWSC 1160	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	22 Aug 2016	AustLII		4
R v Qaumi (No 57)	[2016] NSWSC 1157	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	22 Aug 2016	AustLII		4
R v Il (No 2)	[2014] NSWSC 1710	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	2 Dec 2014	AustLII		7
R v Ian Dacey; R v Lee Dacey (No 3)	[2013] NSWSC 1877	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	27 Nov 2013	AustLII
Robertson v R	[2024] NSWCCA 99	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	3 Jul 2024	AustLII
Batak v R	[2024] NSWCCA 66	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	10 May 2024	AustLII		6
Cavanagh v R; McIvor v R; O'Keefe v R	[2023] NSWCCA 164	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	30 Jun 2023	AustLII
Ng v R	[2019] NSWCCA 172	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	31 Jul 2019	AustLII		2
R v Il	[2016] NSWCCA 51	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	8 Apr 2016	AustLII		11
Proud v R	[2016] NSWCCA 41	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	11 Mar 2016	AustLII		1
TWL v R	[2012] NSWCCA 57; (2012) 222 A Crim R 445	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	5 Apr 2012	AustLII		18
Nguyen v R	[2007] NSWCCA 363; (2007) 180 A Crim R 267	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	21 Dec 2007	AustLII		21
Edmonds v R	[2011] NZSC 159; [2012] 2 NZLR 445; (2011) 25 CRNZ 503	Supreme Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	20 Dec 2011	NZLII		16
R v b, FG	[2012] SASC 157; (2012) 114 SASR 170	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	12 Sep 2012	AustLII		7
R v Bosworth, Biggins, Nance & Richards	[2007] SASC 150; (2007) 97 SASR 502; (2007) 170 A Crim R 110	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	4 May 2007	AustLII		6
Hinrichsen v R	[2023] SASCA 111	Supreme Court of South Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - South Australia	12 Oct 2023	AustLII		2
R v Presley, Miller & Smith	[2015] SASCFC 53	Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court	Australia - South Australia	28 Apr 2015	AustLII		2
R v England	[2013] SASCFC 79	Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court	Australia - South Australia	20 Aug 2013	AustLII		4
Shaw v Tasmania	[2022] TASCCA 2	Supreme Court of Tasmania	Australia - Tasmania	7 Mar 2022	AustLII		2
Lambert and Stokes v Tasmania	[2007] TASSC 76	Supreme Court of Tasmania	Australia - Tasmania	26 Sep 2007	AustLII		3
DPP (ACT) v Ai, Ad and JR	[2012] ACTCA 23	Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal	Australia - Australian Capital Territory	18 May 2012	AustLII		2
Rhodes v Bryant	[2017] NTSC 88	Supreme Court of the Northern Territory	Australia - Northern Territory	8 Dec 2017	AustLII
Public Prosecutor v Kasaura	[2018] VUSC 32	Supreme Court of Vanuatu	Vanuatu	19 Mar 2018	PacLII		1
DPP v Roberts (Ruling	[2022] VSC 292	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	2 Jun 2022	AustLII		1
R v Novakovic (Rulings 2-4)	[2019] VSC 339	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	23 Aug 2019	AustLII		5
R v Armstrong	[2014] VSC 256	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	2 Jun 2014	AustLII		6
R v Andreevski	[2010] VSC 568	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	30 Aug 2010	AustLII		1
Smith v R	[2012] VSCA 5	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	31 Jan 2012	AustLII		20
Arafan v R	[2010] VSCA 356; (2010) 31 VR 82	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	22 Dec 2010	AustLII		13
Likiardopoulos v R	[2010] VSCA 344; (2010) 30 VR 654	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	17 Dec 2010	AustLII		37
R v Nguyen	[2010] VSCA 23	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	23 Feb 2010	AustLII		7
DPP (Vic) v Simpas	[2009] VSCA 40	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	16 Mar 2009	AustLII		9
R v Wei Tang	[2007] VSCA 134; (2007) 212 FLR 145; (2007) 172 A Crim R 224; (2007) 16 VR 454	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	27 Jun 2007	AustLII		7
R v Barrett	[2007] VSCA 95; (2007) 16 VR 240; (2007) 171 A Crim R 315	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	17 May 2007	AustLII		65
R v Fackovec	[2007] VSCA 93	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	10 May 2007	AustLII		5
Le v DPP	[2007] VSCA 72; (2007) 171 A Crim R 196	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	3 May 2007	AustLII		12
Campbell v Western Australia	[2016] WASCA 156; (2016) 50 WAR 331	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	7 Sep 2016	AustLII		12
L v Western Australia	[2016] WASCA 101; (2016) 49 WAR 545	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	23 Jun 2016	AustLII		24
Patel v Mirza	[2016] UKSC 42; [2017] AC 467; [2017] 1 All ER 191; [2016] 3 WLR 399	United Kingdom Supreme Court	United Kingdom	20 Jul 2016	BAILII		214
R v Jogee	[2016] UKSC 8; [2017] AC 387; [2016] 2 All ER 1; [2016] 2 WLR 681; [2016] 1 Cr App R 31	United Kingdom Supreme Court	United Kingdom	18 Feb 2016	BAILII		158

Law Reform Reports Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author †	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text		Citation Index
- Project 97 - A review of the law of homicide - Final Report	[2007] WALRC 1	Western Australian Law Reform Commission	Australia - Western Australia	circa 2007	AustLII
- Project 97 - A review of the law of homicide	[2007] WALRC 100	Western Australian Law Reform Commission	Australia - Western Australia	circa 2007	AustLII

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author †	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text		Citation Index
"The “ Australian Position ” Concerning Criminal Complicity: Principle, Policy or Politics?"	(2018) 40 Sydney Law Review 289	Andrew Dyer	Australia	circa 2018	AustLII		2
"The Osland 'Wrong Turn' And The Problems That Fictions Produce"	(2019) 42 University of New South Wales Law Journal 500	Dyer, Andrew	Australia	circa 2019	AustLII
"IL v R: Joint Criminal Enterprise and the Constructive Murder Rule: Is This Where Their 'Logic Leads You'?"	(2017) 39 Sydney Law Review 245	Dyer, Andrew	Australia	circa 2017	AustLII		2
"He 'Came Across as Someone Who Was Telling the Truth': Pell v R"	(2020) 42 Sydney Law Review 109	Dyer, Andrew; Hamer, David	Australia	circa 2020	AustLII
"Revisiting the law of joint enterprise"	[2016] NSWBarAssocNews 11	Gleeson, Michael	Australia	circa 2016	AustLII
"The Doctrine of Command Responsibility in Australian Military Law"	(2022) 45 University of New South Wales Law Journal 1251	Gray, Anthony	Australia	circa 2022	AustLII
"Is the test for extended common purpose over-extended?"	(2009) 4 University of New England Law Journal 17	Hayes, Robert; Feld, F L	Australia	circa 2009	AustLII		4
"In Search of a Model Code Provision For Complicity and Common Purpose in Australia"	(2011) 30 University of Tasmania Law Review 53	Hemming, Andrew	Australia - Tasmania	circa 2011	AustLII
"Knowledge of the Weapon in Party Liability Cases: An Analysis of Edmonds v R"	[2013] VUWLawRw 7	Hill, Amy	New Zealand	circa 2013	NZLII
"Noticeboard: High Court and Federal Court, January and February 2007"	[2007] BalJlNTLawSoc 14	Hurley, Thomas	Australia	circa 2007	AustLII
"The Liability of Accessories under Statute, in Equity, and in Criminal Law: Some Common Problems and (Perhaps) Common Solutions"	(2010) 34 Melbourne University Law Review 106	Joachim Dietrich	Australia	circa 2010	AustLII		5
"Keeping the Criminal Law in “ Serviceable Condition ” : A Task for the Courts or the Parliament?"	(2016) 27 (3) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 335	Justice Virginia Bell	Australia	circa 2016	AustLII		3
"Extended joint criminal enterprise"	[2016] NSWBarAssocNews 90	McGovern, Lucy	Australia	circa 2016	AustLII
"What's in an oath? Jury treatment of unsworn evidence under the Uniform Evidence legislation"	[2016] NSWBarAssocNews 12	Parkin, Chris	Australia	circa 2016	AustLII
"The Doctrine of Extended Joint Criminal Enterprise: A 'Wrong Turn' in Australian Common Law"	(2018) 41 Melbourne University Law Review 1324	Smartt, Timothy	Australia	circa 2018	AustLII		2

Legislation Cited

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court †	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text		Citation Index
R v Qaumi (No 60)	[2016] NSWSC 1160	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	22 Aug 2016	AustLII		4
R v Il (No 2)	[2014] NSWSC 1710	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	2 Dec 2014	AustLII		7
R v Ian Dacey; R v Lee Dacey (No 3)	[2013] NSWSC 1877	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	27 Nov 2013	AustLII
Hadid v Redpath	[2001] NSWCA 416; (2001) 35 MVR 152	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	20 Nov 2001	AustLII		65
Robertson v R	[2024] NSWCCA 99	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	3 Jul 2024	AustLII
Batak v R	[2024] NSWCCA 66	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	10 May 2024	AustLII		6
Cavanagh v R; McIvor v R; O'Keefe v R	[2023] NSWCCA 164	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	30 Jun 2023	AustLII
Ng v R	[2019] NSWCCA 172	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	31 Jul 2019	AustLII		2
R v Il	[2016] NSWCCA 51	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	8 Apr 2016	AustLII		11
Proud v R	[2016] NSWCCA 41	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	11 Mar 2016	AustLII		1
TWL v R	[2012] NSWCCA 57; (2012) 222 A Crim R 445	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	5 Apr 2012	AustLII		18
Nguyen v R	[2007] NSWCCA 363; (2007) 180 A Crim R 267	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	21 Dec 2007	AustLII		21
Edmonds v R	[2011] NZSC 159; [2012] 2 NZLR 445; (2011) 25 CRNZ 503	Supreme Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	20 Dec 2011	NZLII		16
Lai v Chamberlains	[2006] NZSC 70; [2007] 2 NZLR 7	Supreme Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	11 Sep 2006	NZLII		177
R v b, FG	[2012] SASC 157; (2012) 114 SASR 170	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	12 Sep 2012	AustLII		7
R v Bosworth, Biggins, Nance & Richards	[2007] SASC 150; (2007) 97 SASR 502; (2007) 170 A Crim R 110	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	4 May 2007	AustLII		6
Hinrichsen v R	[2023] SASCA 111	Supreme Court of South Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - South Australia	12 Oct 2023	AustLII		2
R v Presley, Miller & Smith	[2015] SASCFC 53	Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court	Australia - South Australia	28 Apr 2015	AustLII		2
R v England	[2013] SASCFC 79	Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court	Australia - South Australia	20 Aug 2013	AustLII		4
Shaw v Tasmania	[2022] TASCCA 2	Supreme Court of Tasmania	Australia - Tasmania	7 Mar 2022	AustLII		2
Lambert and Stokes v Tasmania	[2007] TASSC 76	Supreme Court of Tasmania	Australia - Tasmania	26 Sep 2007	AustLII		3
DPP (ACT) v Ai, Ad and JR	[2012] ACTCA 23	Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal	Australia - Australian Capital Territory	18 May 2012	AustLII		2
Rhodes v Bryant	[2017] NTSC 88	Supreme Court of the Northern Territory	Australia - Northern Territory	8 Dec 2017	AustLII
Public Prosecutor v Kasaura	[2018] VUSC 32	Supreme Court of Vanuatu	Vanuatu	19 Mar 2018	PacLII		1
DPP v Roberts (Ruling	[2022] VSC 292	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	2 Jun 2022	AustLII		1
R v Novakovic (Rulings 2-4)	[2019] VSC 339	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	23 Aug 2019	AustLII		5
R v Armstrong	[2014] VSC 256	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	2 Jun 2014	AustLII		6
R v Andreevski	[2010] VSC 568	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	30 Aug 2010	AustLII		1
R v Hartwick, Hartwick & Clayton	[2003] VSC 63	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	13 Mar 2003	AustLII		1
Smith v R	[2012] VSCA 5	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	31 Jan 2012	AustLII		20
Arafan v R	[2010] VSCA 356; (2010) 31 VR 82	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	22 Dec 2010	AustLII		13
Likiardopoulos v R	[2010] VSCA 344; (2010) 30 VR 654	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	17 Dec 2010	AustLII		37
R v Nguyen	[2010] VSCA 23	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	23 Feb 2010	AustLII		7
DPP (Vic) v Simpas	[2009] VSCA 40	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	16 Mar 2009	AustLII		9
R v Wei Tang	[2007] VSCA 134; (2007) 212 FLR 145; (2007) 172 A Crim R 224; (2007) 16 VR 454	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	27 Jun 2007	AustLII		7
R v Barrett	[2007] VSCA 95; (2007) 16 VR 240; (2007) 171 A Crim R 315	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	17 May 2007	AustLII		65
R v Fackovec	[2007] VSCA 93	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	10 May 2007	AustLII		5
Le v DPP	[2007] VSCA 72; (2007) 171 A Crim R 196	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	3 May 2007	AustLII		12
R v Hartwick; R v Clayton; R v Hartwick	[2005] VSCA 264; (2005) 14 VR 125; (2006) 159 A Crim R 1	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	18 Nov 2005	AustLII		32
R v Le Broc	[2000] VSCA 125; (2000) 2 VR 43; (2000) 114 A Crim R 546	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	28 Jul 2000	AustLII		12
Campbell v Western Australia	[2016] WASCA 156; (2016) 50 WAR 331	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	7 Sep 2016	AustLII		12
L v Western Australia	[2016] WASCA 101; (2016) 49 WAR 545	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	23 Jun 2016	AustLII		24
Patel v Mirza	[2016] UKSC 42; [2017] AC 467; [2017] 1 All ER 191; [2016] 3 WLR 399	United Kingdom Supreme Court	United Kingdom	20 Jul 2016	BAILII		214
R v Jogee	[2016] UKSC 8; [2017] AC 387; [2016] 2 All ER 1; [2016] 2 WLR 681; [2016] 1 Cr App R 31	United Kingdom Supreme Court	United Kingdom	18 Feb 2016	BAILII		158
Lawrence v Texas	539 US 558; 123 SCt 2472; 156 L Ed 2d 508; (2003) 123 SCt 1435	United States Supreme Court	United States	26 Jun 2003	WorldLII		204
Bowers v Hardwick	478 US 186; 92 L Ed 2d 140; 106 SCt 2841	United States Supreme Court	United States	11 Sep 1986	WorldLII		206
- Project 97 - A review of the law of homicide - Final Report	[2007] WALRC 1	Western Australian Law Reform Commission	Australia - Western Australia	circa 2007	AustLII
- Project 97 - A review of the law of homicide	[2007] WALRC 100	Western Australian Law Reform Commission	Australia - Western Australia	circa 2007	AustLII
Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v DPP	[1973] AC 435; [1972] 2 All ER 898; 56 Cr App R 633		United Kingdom	circa 1972	LexisNexis / Westlaw		1
DPP v Withers (Ian Douglas)	[1975] AC 842; [1974] 3 All ER 984; [1975] Crim LR 95; (1974) 60 Cr App R 85; [1974] 3 WLR 751		United Kingdom	circa 1975	LexisNexis / Westlaw		1
NAIS v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs	(2005) 228 CLR 470; (2005) 223 ALR 171; (2005) 80 ALJR 367		Australia - Commonwealth	circa 2005	Legal Online / Westlaw		242
R v Gamble	[1989] NI 268		United Kingdom - Northern Ireland	circa 1989	LexisNexis		22
R v Bentley	[2001] 1 Cr App R 307		United Kingdom	circa 2001	LexisNexis		1
R v Stokes and Difford	(1990) 51 A Crim R 25		Australia	circa 1990	Legal Online / Westlaw		109
R v Powell	[1999] 1 AC 1		United Kingdom	circa 1999	LexisNexis / Westlaw		123
Hui Chi-Ming v R	[1992] 1 AC 34; [1991] 3 All ER 897; [1991] 3 WLR 495; (1991) 94 Cr App R 236		United Kingdom	circa 1992	LexisNexis / Westlaw		142
R v Tomkins	[1985] 2 NZLR 253		New Zealand	circa 1985	LexisNexis		27